Effects of extracurricular martial arts practice on the trait of anger among boys and girls aged 9-12 years old / Efectos de la práctica de artes marciales en el ámbito extraescolar sobre el rasgo de ira de niños y niñas entre 9 y 12 años

Nowadays, aggression in children is an alarming problem and there are more and more programs carried out with students in order to reduce violence and aggressive behaviour. Martial arts have been used, on occasions, in these programs due to the values of respect and self-control that give it. However, they have not always obtained the expected results. The purpose of this paper is to observe is martial arts like judo and karate are a successful method to decrease anger levels in children. To evaluate this, a quasi-experimental longitudinal study during a period of 6 months in which 82 children took part, divided in a control group and an experimental group (karate and judo). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents (STAXI-NA) was used. Meaningful differences were found only in some of the anger components, between anger-in expression pre-tests of the control and experimental group and between anger-out expression pre-tests and post-tests of the karate group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the martial arts training has no effect about global anger management in children students. Common aspects are pointed out in interventions that have decreased the levels of anger (traditional aspects, design of a specific program, subjects with behavior problems, school context) and it is shown with the results obtained, how a habitual intervention carried out in a context of sports clubs, in a normal population and without a specific program, have difficulties in reducing the anger of the participants (AU)

Hoy en día la agresión en los/as niños/as es un problema preocupante, donde se ha utilizado en algunos programas, las artes marciales para disminuir los niveles de violencia, debido a los valores de respeto y autocontrol que se le otorgan. Sin embargo, no siempre se ha obtenido los resultados esperados. El objetivo de este artículo es observar si las artes marciales, como el judo y el karate, son un método adecuado para disminuir los niveles de ira en los/as niños/as. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal cuasi-experimental durante un período de seis meses en el que participaron 82 niños/as, divididos en grupo control y experimental (kárate y judo). Fue utilizado el Inventario de Expresión de Ira Estado-Rasgo para Niños y Adolescentes (STAXI-NA). Se encontraron diferencias significativas sólo en algunos de los componentes de ira, en las pruebas previas de expresión de ira del grupo control y experimental, y en las pruebas previas y posteriores de expresión de ira del grupo de karate. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio sugieren que el entrenamiento en artes marciales no tiene efecto sobre la gestión global de la ira en niños/as. Se señalan aspectos comunes en las intervenciones que han disminuido los niveles de ira (aspectos tradicionales, diseño de un programa específico, sujetos con problemas de conducta, contexto escolar) y se muestra con los resultados obtenidos, cómo una intervención habitual realizada en un contexto de club deportivo, en una población normal y sin un programa específico, tienen dificultades para reducir la ira de los participantes (AU)

Ira y otras emociones percibidas a través del uso de prácticas orientales en tareas motrices artístico-expresivas / Raiva e outras emoções percebidas em universitários através do uso de práticas orientais nas tarefas motoras artísticas-expressivas / Anger and other perceived emotions through the use of oriental practices in artistic-expressive motor tasks

Se plantearon dos objetivos: a) conocer cómo evolucionó la emoción de ira fundamentalmente y otros sentimientos y emociones, que el alumnado experimentó en la clase de Expresión Corporal, tras incluir prácticas orientales propias de las artes marciales; b) señalar prácticas físicas y estrategias utilizadas en la intervención que puedan disminuir la emoción de ira. 70 alumnos/as universitarios que cursan la asignatura de Expresión Corporal en el Grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte participaron en el estudio. Se implementó una intervención de ocho sesiones, durante ocho semanas. Se recogió información a través de grupos de discusión y el diario de seguimiento del profesor. El análisis produjo tres categorías/temas: emociones, prácticas físicas y prácticas orientales y estrategias para disminución de la ira. Tras la intervención el alumnado experimentó más emociones positivas que negativas, aunque las negativas predominaron antes del comienzo de las sesiones. Se señala la música, los movimientos lentos, el silencio, el trabajo de respiración y la meditación como estrategias válidas para la disminución de la ira. (AU)

Foram traçados dois objetivos: a) conhecer como evolui fundamentalmente a emoção da raiva e outros sentimentos e emoções que os alunos vivenciaram na aula de Expressão Corporal após a inclusão de práticas orientais típicas das artes marciais; b) apontar práticas físicas e estratégias utilizadas na intervenção que podem reduzir a emoção da raiva. Participaram no estudo setenta estudantes universitários que frequentam a disciplina de Expressão Corporal na Licenciatura em Ciências da Atividade Física e do Desporto. Foi implementada uma intervenção de oito sessões, durante oito semanas. As informações foram coletadas por meio de grupos focais e diário do professor. A análise produziu três categorias/temas: emoções, atividades físicas e estratégias de redução da raiva. Após a intervenção, os alunos vivenciaram mais emoções positivas do que negativas, embora as negativas predominassem antes do início das sessões. Música, movimentos lentos, silêncio, respiração e meditação são apontados como estratégias válidas para reduzir a raiva. (AU)

Two objectives were set: a) know how the emotion of anger fundamentally evolves and other feelings and emotions that the students experienced in Body Expression class after including oriental practices typical of martial arts; b) point out physical practices and strategies used in the intervention that can reduce the emotion of anger. Seventy university students who are studying Body Expression in the Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences participated in the study. An intervention of eight sessions was implemented, for eight weeks. Information was collected through focus groups and teache'rs diary. The analysis produced three categories/themes: emotions, physical activities, and anger reduction strategies. After the intervention, the students experienced more positive than negative emotions, although the negative ones predominated before the beginning of the sessions. Music, slow movements, silence, breath work, and meditation are pointed out as valid strategies for reducing anger. (AU)

The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Aggressive Behavior in Boxers: The Mediating Role of Self-Control.

Aggressive behavior has been one of the core issues in sports psychology, whereas boxers' aggressive behavior has received limited attention. Although some literature reported that self-efficacy is related to aggressive behavior, the mechanism whereby self-efficacy affects aggressive behavior remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between self-efficacy and aggressive behavior, as well as the effect of self-control as a mediating factor. This study uses the Self-efficacy Scale for Athletes, the Self-control Questionnaire for Athletes, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. This relationship is explored through self-reported measures from N = 414 Chinese professional boxers, n = 243 were male and n = 171 were female, the average age was M = 17.72 years (SD = 3.147), the participants, the average number of years of exercise was M = 3.89 years (SD = 2.734); Results showed that male boxers reported greater aggression than female boxers; It was found that the self-efficacy and self-control improved as age of the participants increased; The higher the level of competition, the higher levels of self-efficacy and self-control; Self-efficacy was negatively related with aggressive behavior and positively correlated with self-control. Self-control was also negatively correlated with aggressive behavior among boxers. Self-control had a full mediating effect on the relationship between self-efficacy and aggressive behavior.

Effects of Physical Activity Governmental Programs on Health Status in Independent Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review analyzes the evidence of the effects of physical activity governmental programs oriented toward the health of independent older adults. Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection databases were used for data mining, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols recommendations were followed. Five studies (n = 2,545 participants) fulfilled the established inclusion criteria. The physical activity programs had beneficial effects on the older adults' quality of life, fall risk, activities of daily living, physical activity levels, nutritional risk, body mass index, arterial pressure, resting heart rate, blood glucose, triglycerides, and/or cholesterol, but did not significantly alter their body fat mass percentage. Programs involving diverse physical capacities seem to be more effective for healthy aging. It is recommended that governments start to disseminate the outcomes of these programs within society and the scientific community.

Taekwondo scientific production published on the Web of Science (1988-2016): collaboration and topics / Produção científica de taekwondo publicada na Web of Science (1988-2016): colaboração e temas / Producción científica de taekwondo publicada en la Web of Science (1988-2016): colaboración y temas

This study conducted a bibliometric analysis focused on collaboration patterns and topics represented on taekwondo articles published on Web of Science until 2016. Bibliographic information was retrieved from documents and then classified according to research area, subject and topic, and characteristics of authorship and collaboration patterns were calculated. Results showed a total of 340 articles, 304 of which had multiple authors. Life Sciences and Biomechanics were the most important research area and subject respectively. Pieter was the most prolific author while Capranica obtained the highest collaboration index. In conclusion, (1) the relevance of a sporting approach to taekwondo has been corroborated through the analysis of research areas, subjects, topics, and journals' orientation and citation scores; (2) research on taekwondo has been strongly based on collaboration among authors, institutions and countries

O objetivo foi desenvolver uma análise bibliométrica sobre padrões de colaboração e temas representados em artigos sobre taekwondo publicados na Web of Science até 2016. A informação bibliográfica de documentos foi recuperada. Em seguida, foram classificados em relação à área de pesquisa, assunto e tópico e calculadas as características de autoria e padrões de colaboração. Um total de 340 artigos foram encontrados, 304 de autoria múltipla. Ciências da Vida e Biomecânica foram a área de pesquisa e a disciplina mais importantes respectivamente. Pieter foi o autor mais prolífico enquanto Capranica obteve o maior índice de colaboração. Em conclusão, (1) a relevância da abordagem esportiva de taekwondo foi corroborada através da análise de áreas de pesquisa, disciplinas, temas, orientação e pontuações de citação das revistas; e (2) a pesquisa de taekwondo baseou-se fortemente na colaboração entre autores, instituições e países

El objetivo fue desarrollar un análisis bibliométrico centrado en los patrones de colaboración y temas representados en los artículos de taekwondo publicados en la Web of Science hasta 2016. Se recuperó la información bibliográfica de los documentos. Luego se clasificaron en relación al área de investigación, disciplina y tema, y calcularon las características de la autoría y patrones de colaboración. Los resultados mostraron 340 artículos en total, 304 en coautoría. Ciencias de la Vida y Biomecánica fueron el área de investigación y la disciplina más representadas respectivamente. Pieter fue el autor más prolífico mientras que Capranica obtuvo el índice de colaboración más alto. En conclusión, (1) la relevancia del enfoque deportivo del taekwondo fue corroborado a través del análisis de las áreas de investigación, disciplinas, temas, orientación y cifras de citación de las revistas; y (2) la investigación estuvo basada fundamentalmente en la colaboración entre autores, instituciones y países

Special Judo Fitness Test Level and Anthropometric Profile of Elite Spanish Judo Athletes.

Casals, C, Huertas, JR, Franchini, E, Sterkowicz-Przybycien, K, Sterkowicz, S, Gutiérrez-García, C, and Escobar-Molina, R. Special judo fitness test level and anthropometric profile of elite spanish judo athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1229-1235, 2017-The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric variables that best predict Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) performance. In addition, anthropometric profiles of elite Spanish judo athletes were compared by sex and age category (seniors and juniors). In this cross-sectional study, a total of 51 (29 females) athletes from the Spanish National Judo Team were evaluated during a competitive period. All athletes performed the SJFT and underwent an anthropometric assessment through skinfold thickness measurements. Mann-Whitney comparisons by sex and age category showed that males had significantly higher muscle mass and lower fat mass than females (p < 0.001), whereas juniors and seniors exhibited few differences in body composition. Linear regression analyses (stepwise method) were performed to explore the relationships between anthropometric characteristics and SJFT variables. Model 1 included sex, age category, and body mass as predictors. Body mass and sex significantly predicted the SJFT index (R = 0.27, p < 0.001); thus, both criteria should be considered before interpreting the test. The predictors of model 2 were quick-assessment variables, including skinfolds, breadths, girths, and height. This regression model showed that the biceps skinfold significantly predicted the SJFT index in elite athletes (R = 0.31, p < 0.001). Model 3 included body compositions and somatotypes as predictors. Higher muscle and bone masses and lower ectomorphy were associated with better SJFT performance (R = 0.44, p < 0.001). Hence, training programs should attempt to increase the muscle mass percentage and reduce the upper arm fat, whereas the bone percentage could be considered in the selection of talented athletes in conjunction with other factors.

Weight loss and psychological-related states in high-level judo athletes.

PURPOSE: This study aimed at comparing weight loss methods (WLM) performed near competition by elite judo athletes from different age and gender groups and relating WLM with the prevalence of eating disorders. METHODS: 144 athletes (66 females and 78 males) from the Spanish judo teams participated in this observational descriptive study grouped into cadets, juniors, and seniors. Data were collected during previous training meetings to international tournaments. The used tools are a basic data questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T), Restraint Scale (RS), and Eating Attitude Test (EAT- 40). Two-way ANOVAs and chi-square tests were used to compare groups. RESULTS: Seniors presented higher use of WLM, especially one week before competition compared with juniors. Judoists were more involved in their diets and reduced more weight as they were older. Females were more concerned about their diets, presented higher anxiety, scored higher in the emotion scale, and more eating disorders symptoms, although weight loss was lower. Anxiety and eating disorders symptoms differences were more common in juniors and cadets, respectively, with higher scores in females. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Seniors seem to develop more effective strategies to cope with weight loss. Cadet and junior females are more likely to suffer from the psychological-related states associated to weight loss. IMPLICATIONS: (1) Educational programs might help competitors and coaches to adopt and promote healthier weight loss processes, (2) special attention should be paid to female young judoists to detect eating disorders in its early stages, and (3) judo organizations should consider implementing new rules to sanction harmful weight loss practices.

Producción científica sobre fútbol en revistas españolas de ciencias de la actividad física y del deporte / Produção científica sobre futebol em revistas espanholas de ciências da atividade física e esportes / Scientific production on football in spanish journals of physical activity and sport sciences

Este estudio analiza, desde un punto de vista bibliométrico, los artículos sobre fútbol publicados en 40 revistas españolas incluidas en la categoría de “Deportes” del Catálogo Latindex, entre los años 2001 y 2012. Los aspectos analizados fueron: (1) número de artículos publicados sobre fútbol, porcentaje respecto al total de artículos, y distribución según revistas, (2) evolución temporal, y (3) disciplinas presentes. Los resultados muestran que la producción científica sobre fútbol ha sido relevante (7,9% del total de artículos publicados), creciente, multidisciplinar y dispar entre las disciplinas y revistas, destacando las revistas y disciplinas de psicología, legislación y organización y gestión.

Este estudo analisa, do ponto de vista bibliométrico, os artigos sobre futebol publicados em 40 revistas espanholas incluídas na categoria “Esportes”, do Catálogo Latindex, entre os anos 2001 e 2012. Os aspectos analisados foram: (1) O número de artigos publicados sobre o futebol, percentagem relativa ao total de artigos e distribuição segundo as revistas; (2) Evolução temporal; (3) Disciplinas presentes. Os resultados mostram que a produção científica sobre o futebol foi relevante (7,9% do total de artigos publicados), crescente, multidisciplinar e díspar entre as disciplinas e revistas, destacando-se as revistas e disciplinas de psicologia, de legislação, de organização e de gestão.

Study analyzes, from a bibliometric perspective, papers published in 40 Spanish journals under the category “deportes” (sports) of the Latindex Catalogue, between 2001 and 2012. Aspects analyzed include: (1) number of papers published about football; percentage regarding total papers published; and distribution among journals; (2) evolution over time; and (3) disciplines. Results showed that the scientific production on football was prominent (7.9% of total published papers), on the rise, multidisciplinary, and unequal among journals and disciplines. The most outstanding disciplines were those related to Psychology, Law, Organization, and Management.

Historia de la revista educación física-Chile: aproximación bibliométrica (1929-2013) / História da revista educación física-Chile: aproximação bibliométrica (1929-2013) / History of the journal educación física-Chile: a bibliometric approach (1929-2013)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis histórico-bibliométrico de la revista Educación Física-Chile desde 1929 hasta 2013. Se consultaron todos los artículos publicados en la revista, registrando sus datos bibliográficos, institución, país y temática principal para, posteriormente, proceder a su análisis. Los resultados muestran que Educación Física-Chile ha sido un referente fundamental para la difusión de las investigaciones relacionadas con el conjunto de las Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte en Chile, y revelan la situación marginal de la revista en la actualidad.

The aim of this paper was to carry out a historic-bibliometric analysis of the journal Educación Física-Chile from 1929 to 2013. All articles included in that journal were consulted, and their bibliographic data, institutions, countries and main topics were recorded and then analysed. Results showed that Educación Física-Chile hasbeen a key reference for spreading Physical Education and Sport Sciences studies in Chile, although it has now a marginal position in the field.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise histórico-bibliométrica da revista Educación Física-Chile de 1929 a 2013. Consultaram-se todos os artigos publicados na revista, registrando-se os dados bibliográficos, a instituição, o país e a temática principal para, posteriormente, se proceder à sua análise. Os resultados mostram que a Educación Física-Chile foi uma referência fundamental para a difusão de investigações relacionadas com o conjunto das Ciências da Atividade Física e Desporto no Chile, e revelam a situação marginal da revista na atualidade.

Injuries in judo: a systematic literature review including suggestions for prevention.

BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge on epidemiological injury data in judo. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review scientific literature on the frequency and characteristics of injuries in judo. METHODS: The available literature up to June 2013 was searched for prospective as well as retrospective studies on injuries in judo. Data extraction and presentation focused on the incidence rate, injury risk, types, location and causes of injuries. RESULTS: During the Olympic Games in 2008 and 2012, an average injury risk of about 11-12% has been observed. Sprains, strains and contusions, usually of the knee, shoulder and fingers, were the most frequently reported injuries, whereas being thrown was the most common injury mechanism. Severe injuries were quite rare and usually affected the brain and spine, whereas chronic injuries typically affected the finger joints, lower back and ears. The most common types of injuries in young judo athletes were contusions/abrasions, fractures and sprains/strains. Sex-differences data on judo injuries were mostly inconsistent. Some studies suggested a relationship between nutrition, hydration and/or weight cycling and judo injuries. Also, psychological factors may increase the risk of judo injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The present review provides the latest knowledge on the frequency and characteristics of injuries in judo. Comprehensive knowledge about the risk of injury during sport activity and related risk factors represents an essential basis to develop effective strategies for injury prevention. Thus, the introduction of an ongoing injury surveillance system in judo is of utmost importance.